Kadar tukaran asing, Inflasi, Cetakan Duit, Rizab

ekonomi ni mnarik utk dperhalusi. knp tidak duit dicetak dgn bnyk bg kt rakyat? knp mesti USD1=rm3. bgaimana rate ini bleh berubah dlm skelip mata? apa kepentingan rizab hmpir 500bilion? bgaimana ekonomi dijana sdgkn duit tak boleh dicetak dgn sesuka hati? apa makna sbnr inflasi? byk y mampu mpengaruhinya. analogi mudah, smkin laku barang smkin tinggi nilainya, begitu juga RM. nilainya ditentukan oleh permintaan. permintaan pula dlm bentuk dagangan. smkin byk dagangan smkin byk permintaan dn keadaan ini myebabkn pemain kewangan iaitu bank menaikkn nilai RM. bgitu juga sbaliknya. bank negara pula btindak sbgai pembekal (pencetak) wang. terlampau bnyak cetak myebabkn pnurunan nilai matawang (situasi demand kurang, brang bnyak myebabkn sesuatu tpaksa dilelelong dan ini dipanggil Inflasi). oleh itu bank negara akan cuba mgawal mnerusi faedah. pembelian matawang hanya akan membeli jika faedah tinggi dn ini myelamatkan nilai matawang dri mnurun dn sebaliknya. sbb itu faedah tdk boleh terlalu tinggi tdk boleh terlalu rndah utk adjust 'money demands'. rizab matawang asing pula berfungsi sbgai bekalan di hari 'darurat' andaikata matawang tempatan sdh terlmpau rndah atau tggi berbanding dgn matawang antarabangsa utk aktiviti perdagangan. dn ini dpt mgelak spekulasi ditimbulkn atau dlm erti kata lain utk mengukuhkan mtawang lokal dri dikawal oleh spekulator. tapi nilai matawang bkn shja dikawal oleh dagangan (business) tetapi perkara lain y boleh mewujudkan demand of money sperti purchase power y brkaitrapat dgn pkerjaan, dagangan import export, pkembangan kdnk dn byk lagi. krjaan boleh mgecilkn nilai skop matawang dgn menetap kadar tukaran wang asing pda nilai y statik tetpi ini mrugikn negara dri segi import export dn juga myebabkn matawang kita lbh rendah dri nilai sbnr.

p/s: skdr perkongsian. tiada pendidikan rasmi dlm bidang ekonomi, jika salah boleh betulkn.

GST/VAT vs Sales Tax

With a sales taxes

With a 10% sales tax:

• The manufacturer spends $1.00 for the raw materials, certifying it is not a final consumer.
• The manufacturer charges the retailer $1.20, checking that the retailer is not a consumer, leaving the same gross margin of $0.20.
• The retailer charges the consumer $1.50 + ($1.50 x 10%) = $1.65 and pays the government $0.15, leaving the gross margin of $0.30.

So the consumer has paid 10% ($0.15) extra, compared to the no taxation scheme, and the government has collected this amount in taxation. The retailers have not paid any tax directly (it is the consumer who has paid the tax), but the retailer has to do the paperwork in order to correctly pass on to the government the sales tax it has collected. Suppliers and manufacturers only have the administrative burden of supplying correct certifications, and checking that their customers (retailers) aren't consumers.

A large exception to this state of affairs is online sales. Typically if the online retail firm has no "presence" in the state where the merchandise will be delivered, no obligation is imposed upon the retailer to collect sales taxes from "out-of-state" purchasers. Generally, state law requires that the purchaser report such purchases to the state taxing authority and pay the sales tax. It is fair to say that many citizens are unaware of this obligation and that states make little effort to raise that awareness or provide a reasonably easy way of complying with the obligation.

With a value added tax

With a 10% VAT:

• The manufacturer spends $1.10 ($1 + ($1 × 10%)) for the raw materials, and the seller of the raw materials pays the government $0.10.
• The manufacturer charges the retailer $1.32 ($1.20 + ($1.20 × 10%)) and pays the government $0.02 ($0.12 minus $0.10), leaving the same gross margin of $0.20 ($1.32 – $0.02 – $1.10 = $0.20).
• The retailer charges the consumer $1.65 ($1.50 + ($1.50 × 10%)) and pays the government $0.03 ($0.15 minus $0.12), leaving the same gross margin of $0.30 ($1.65 – $0.03 – $1.32 = $0.30).
• The manufacturer and retailer realize less gross margin from a percentage perspective.
• Note that the taxes paid by both the manufacturer and the retailer to the government are 10% of the values added by their respective business practices (e.g. the value added by the manufacturer is $1.20 minus $1.00, thus the tax payable by the manufacturer is ($1.20 – $1.00) × 10% = $0.02).

With VAT, the consumer has paid, and the government received, the same dollar amount as with a sales tax. The businesses have not incurred any tax themselves. Their obligation is limited to assuming the necessary paperwork in order to pass on to the government the difference between what they collect in VAT (output tax, an 11th of their sales) and what they spend in VAT (input VAT, an 11th of their expenditure on goods and services subject to VAT). However they are freed from any obligation to request certifications from purchasers who are not end users, and of providing such certifications to their suppliers.

On the other hand, they incur increased accounting costs for collecting the tax, which are not reimbursed by the taxing authority. For example, wholesale companies now have to hire staff and accountants to handle the VAT paperwork, which would not be required if they were collecting sales tax instead. If you calculate the added overhead required to collect VAT, businesses collecting VAT have less profits overall than businesses collecting sales tax.

The advantage of the VAT system over the sales tax system is that under sales tax, the seller has no incentive to disbelieve a purchaser who says it is not a final user. That is to say the payer of the tax has no incentive to collect the tax. Under VAT, all sellers collect tax and pay it to the government. A purchaser has an incentive to deduct input VAT, but must prove it has the right to do so, which is usually achieved by holding an invoice quoting the VAT paid on the purchase, and indicating the VAT registration number of the supplier.

p/s: implementari GST malaysia juga lbh kurang sama dgn GST kbnyakan negara. cuma kelainannya adalah tehdap jenis brg dn perhidmatan y dikecualikan. sy suka mencari dan baca dari sesuatu y ilmiah dn mempunyai sumber jelas dn harus stu bntuk kajian bkn pendapat semata2.